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    To Begin, Continue and Complete: Music in the Wider Context of Artistic Patronage by Pope Alexander VI (1492-1503) and the Hymn Cycle of CS 15

    Stuart James Robb

    [Thesis].University of Manchester;2011.

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    Abstract

    This thesis takes as its area of exploration the papal chapel choir and its repertory, alongside the papacy and its patronage of the arts at the end of the fifteenth century. It draws on previous research concerning the singers, polyphonic manuscripts and artistic culture of the Vatican, but places Pope Alexander VI as the central figure of the thesis, showing schemes of patronage that shaped his reign. The research presents a transcription and analysis of the hymn cycle contained within the manuscript Cappella Sistina 15, alongside an assessment of the polyphonic music collection and places these against accounts of music making and evidence of music copying at the papal chapel during Alexander’s reign. The thesis also considers the environment of secular music making at Alexander’s court. In order to provide a context in which to understand this information, the life of Alexander VI is examined, tracing his artistic patronage and involvement with music both prior to his election and afterwards. Of particular note is the engagement of the artist Pintoricchio to decorate the papal apartments. Here, the artist’s representation of music as part of the seven liberal arts is analysed, providing a unique, contemporary and important insight into music practices in Alexander’s court. Three classifications of patronage are identified for Alexander’s reign, while also showing that these were strategies that he had used before he became pope. The music culture at the papal chapel is shown to be part of this strategy, through the consolidation of old music and the introduction of new music into the repertory, ending a task that had taken approximately 60 years. It shows that Alexander’s reign was an important period musically, that instituted new musical traditions and created an environment that prepared the way for the golden ages of patronage of Julius II and Leo X.

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    Type of resource:
    Content type:
    Type of thesis:
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    Degree type:
    PhD
    Publication date:
    Total pages:
    330
    Table of contents:
    ContentsList of Tables 6List of Musical Examples 7List of Graphs 9List of Figures 10List of Manuscript Abbreviations 12List of Archive Abbreviations 13Abstract 14Declaration Statement 15Copyright Statement 15Acknowledgments 16Dedication 18Chapter 1: Introduction 19Related Literature 21Study Outline 30Chapter 2: Rodrigo Borgia and Alexander VI – The Origins, Cardinalate and Papacy of an Artistic Patron 332.1 Origins, Cardinalate and Early Patronage 33Cardinal Borgia and his Patronage 352.2 Election and Papacy 41A Coronation Motet for Alexander VI and a Musical Gift 43The Political Situation 47The Papal Legacy of Unfinished Projects 48Early Patronage of Alexander VI 49The French Invasion, Organ Patronage and Church Reform 53Towards 1500 and the re-shaping of the Vatican Borgo 57Final Years 592.3 Alexander’s Papal Apartments 61Musica 70Musical Groupings 77Background Landscape and Deeper Symbolism 792.4 Alexander’s Court Expenses 812.5 Alexander’s Artistic Taste, his Death and Legacy 83Chapter 3: Entertaining the Bull – Secular Music at the Court of Alexander VI 873.1 Known Ensembles and Musicians 883.2 Speculation Concerning Performers 953.3 Probable Ensembles 98Chapter 4: Sacred Music under Alexander VI – Institutions, Personnel and Manuscripts 1014.1.1 Institutions: The Papal Chapel 1014.1.2 Institutions: The Basilica of St. Peter’s 1124.2.1 Polyphonic Music Manuscripts 1174.2.2 Scribes 120Scribe A 121Scribe B 122Scribe C 123Scribe D 123Scribe E 124Scribe F 124Scribe G 124Scribe H 125Scribes I & J 125de Furnis 126Orceau 1274.3 Dating the Repertory 127c. 1490-1495 1291495-1497 1311497-1503 1394.4 Lost Repertory 1414.5 The Lost Repertory of Holy Week 1444.6 Conclusions 150Chapter 5: The Hymns of CS 15 1515.1 Introduction 1515.2 Historical Overview of the Hymn Cycle 154The Formation of a Vatican Hymn Cycle 1565.3 The Du Fay Hymn Cycle 159Du Fay in the CS 15 Hymn Cycle 165Vexilla regis proderunt (fols. 20v-23) & Jesu corona virginum (fols. 66v-68) 1705.4 Josquin and De Orto in the Hymn Cycle 179Lucis creator optime (fols. 10v-14) 179Ut queant laxis (fols. 37v-39) 185Ave, maris stella (fols. 41v-46) 188Nardi Maria pistici (fols. 46v-47) 195Notes on the contributions of Josquin and De Orto 1985.5 The Anonymous Hymns of the CS 15 Hymn Cycle 201Conditor alme siderum, (fols. 2v-5 and 50v-53) 201Christe redemptor omnium, ex patre (fols. 5v-8) 203Hostis Herodes (fols. 8v-10) 207Audi benigne conditor (fols. 14v-16) 208Aures ad nostras (fols. 16v-20) 209Ad coenam, agni providi (fols. 23v-27) 210Jesu nostra redemptio (fols. 27v-29) 215Veni creator spiritus (fols. 29v-32) 219O lux beata trinitas (fols. 32v-34) 225Pange lingua (fols. 34v-37) 225Aurea luce et decore roseo (fols. 39v-24) 229Petrus beatus (fols. 47v-48) 229Tibi Christe splendor patris (fols. 48v-50) 230Christe redemptor omnium, Conserva (fols. 50v-53) 230Exultet coelum (fols. 53v-56) 231Deus tuorum militum (fols. 56v-58) 234Sanctorum meritis (fols. 58v-62) 237Iste confessor (fols. 62v-66) 241Urbs beata Jerusalem (fols. 68v-70) 2465.6 Towards an Understanding of the Hymn Cycle 2495.7 Editorial Commentary 254Chapter 6: Conclusion 2676.1 To Complete and Continue 2686.2 To Begin 2716.3 Alexander and Music 272Appendix I: Figures 275Appendix II: Editorial Principles 288Bibliography 289
    Abstract:
    This thesis takes as its area of exploration the papal chapel choir and its repertory, alongside the papacy and its patronage of the arts at the end of the fifteenth century. It draws on previous research concerning the singers, polyphonic manuscripts and artistic culture of the Vatican, but places Pope Alexander VI as the central figure of the thesis, showing schemes of patronage that shaped his reign. The research presents a transcription and analysis of the hymn cycle contained within the manuscript Cappella Sistina 15, alongside an assessment of the polyphonic music collection and places these against accounts of music making and evidence of music copying at the papal chapel during Alexander’s reign. The thesis also considers the environment of secular music making at Alexander’s court. In order to provide a context in which to understand this information, the life of Alexander VI is examined, tracing his artistic patronage and involvement with music both prior to his election and afterwards. Of particular note is the engagement of the artist Pintoricchio to decorate the papal apartments. Here, the artist’s representation of music as part of the seven liberal arts is analysed, providing a unique, contemporary and important insight into music practices in Alexander’s court. Three classifications of patronage are identified for Alexander’s reign, while also showing that these were strategies that he had used before he became pope. The music culture at the papal chapel is shown to be part of this strategy, through the consolidation of old music and the introduction of new music into the repertory, ending a task that had taken approximately 60 years. It shows that Alexander’s reign was an important period musically, that instituted new musical traditions and created an environment that prepared the way for the golden ages of patronage of Julius II and Leo X.

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    Manchester eScholar ID:
    uk-ac-man-scw:122374
    Created by:
    Robb, Stuart
    Created:
    28th April, 2011, 16:50:08
    Last modified by:
    Robb, Stuart
    Last modified:
    19th May, 2011, 18:37:11

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